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Note publique d'information : This section gives a description of notions used throughout this study. Current achievements
in developing action-centered ontologies are also discussed. 2.1 Ontologies In the
context of information extraction and retrieval, different kinds of ontologies can
be distinguished [15]: • Top-level ontologies describe very general concepts like
space and time, not depending on a particular domain, • Domain ontologies and task
ontologies describe the vocabulary related to a generic domain or kind of task, detailing
the terms used in the top-level ontology, • Application ontologies describe the concepts
that depend on the particular domain and task within a specific activity. Several
investigations have been conducted to bring actions (tasks) to bear on - tologies.
Among them are Chandrasekaran et al. [6] and Mizoguchi et al. [23] in the fields of
AI and Knowledge Engineering. For the geospatial domain, Kuhn [21] and Raubal and
Kuhn [26] have attempted to support human actions in ontologies for transportation.
Acknowledging the importance of human actions in the geographic domain, a research
workshop was held in 2002, bringing together experts from diff- ent disciplines to
share the knowledge and work on this issue [1]. Camara [5], one of the workshop participants,
has proposed that action-driven spatial ontologies are formed via category theory,
for the case of emergency action plans.
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